It’s common to measure an author’s influence by how many times they’ve been translated. The world’s most-translated book is still the Bible, but the most translated document is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with 525 official translations in 2021 (including one in sign language).
You might guess that this means the UDHR is massively important. And yet, the document isn’t legally binding, and it hasn’t meant the end of wars or violations of human rights. Even so, it continues to be translated into even more languages: The latest translation was into Elsassische — the language spoken in the French region of Alsace by around 800,000 people.
Why is it so important? What influence does this document have in the world? Why keep translating a document without any real way to enforce it for those who don’t respect its ideals?
The Origins Of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
At the end of World War II, the Allies felt the need to write a text loudly and clearly proclaiming the rights that each human being has. They came together to form the United Nations and drafted a charter, but as the horrors of the Holocaust became more widely known, the members decided they needed a more forceful document to ensure something like that could never happen again.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948 and, as mentioned, doesn’t have any legal value. It’s “neither a law nor a convention, but a proclamation with an effect reaching both higher and farther,” as René Cassin, the principal drafter of the UDHR, put it.
With these words, the Frenchman underlined the universal ambition of the declaration: Transcending nations, bypassing the imperfections of laws and conventions, the UDHR stands as an ideal to be attained for every human society, whatever their cultural or individual characteristics.
How Do You Translate A Universal Ideal?
The original draft of the UDHR was in French, which is only one of the many languages used by the United Nations. Translating this document isn’t self-evident, though. Every language is a vehicle of different ideas, cultures and philosophical traditions; some would even go so far as to say that languages influence how we see the world.
Droits de l’homme or droits humains?
The source language of the UDHR is French for two reasons. First, principle drafter René Cassin was French and he drew from the Napoleonic Code in this document’s creation. Second, it’s one of the official languages of the United Nations.
But the name of the document itself was already a conundrum in French: It’s typical in French to say droits de l’homme (“rights of man”), but most languages would say something like “droits humains” (“human rights,” derechos humanos, etc.). Some countries even refused to sign the document because they opposed the idea that women should have the same rights as men.
It posed numerous questions. Since it’s entirely possible to speak of droits humains in French, why did they choose droits de l’homme? Why not change the term? If the official name is the Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme, does that weaken the translations that instead speak of droits humains?
In reality, this question was quickly settled by choosing six official languages for the UDHR: English, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, French and Russian. In case of a dispute in interpreting the text, these six languages are the official reference languages. If there’s a dispute between the reference languages, however, the authoritative version of the text is the French version.
Have to, should or must?
Another example of the challenges translating the UDHR is the use of verbs expressing obligation. In English, for example, there are at least five ways to say that someone can do something: “must,” “have to,” “should,” “may” and “could.” If the French text says that all human beings doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité, that could be translated a few different ways.
- All human beings should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- All human beings must act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- All human beings have to act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
What’s the difference between these auxiliary verbs? “Must” comes from a personal opinion (“you must get vaccinated!”); “have to” comes from an expert or someone in authority (“experts say you have to get vaccinated”); while “have got to” comes from a personal obligation (“I have to get vaccinated!”).
The official UDHR translation chose “should,” which translates more as a suggestion, not an obligation. In the English version, Article I of the UDHR reads like this:
“In our opinion, human beings should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood, but do what you think is right.”
6 Things To Know About The UDHR
Besides the fact that it’s the world’s most translated document, there are other things worth knowing about the document.
1. It has no official legal power
As we’ve mentioned a few times, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has no legal power. It’s also one of the reasons it’s been translated so many times. The translators don’t have to be lawyers, and the translations don’t have to be approved by a country’s legal or legislative system.
In Europe, the principles of the UDHR were adopted by the 1951 European Convention on Human Rights, which was included in the internal legal systems of the 47 member countries who ratified the text.
2. Eight countries abstained from recognizing it
The representatives from South Africa refused to recognize the equality of all human beings. Saudi Arabia opposed gender quality, and the Soviet bloc (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and Belarus) opposed the western definition of universality.
3. The “universality” of the UDHR is still questioned in 2021
China declared that human rights are a western invention, and some Islamic countries prioritize religious laws over human rights.
4. Eleanor Roosevelt was the only woman on the UDHR drafting committee
Eleanor Roosevelt took her place on the committee after the death of her husband, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who should have presided over the drafting commission.
5. The UDHR has been compared to a letter to Santa Claus
Jeanne Kirkpatrick, former US ambassador to the United Nations and fervent advocate of Realpolitik questioned the usefulness of the document using this unkind comparison.
6. There’s no mention of nature or God
There’s no mention of nature or God in the UDHR because of the representative from China. Peng-Chun Chang was the only representative from Asia. A playwright, philosopher and diplomat, he was very attached to universalism and was obsessed with the notion that the UDHR shouldn’t only represent Western ideas.
11 Translations Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights
If you’re as interested in the world of translation as we are, you may be curious to have a look at all the translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In the meantime, enjoy these eleven translations of Article I of the UDHR — where you also might fall in love with the beauty of Inuktikut.
English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
French
Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.
Occitan
Tu luz òmò vinyon u mondo, librò, tu tòton pè leû dinyitò è leû drèye. Y’on tu d’émò è dè konhyinhi è i dèvon fè- mouhò dè fratèrnitò aouèy luz òtri.
Spanish
Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.
Huasteco
Patal an inik ani an uxum u wa’tsinal walkadh abal jununúl kin bats’uw an alwa’taláb ani ka pidhan in éy jant’ini’ in tomnál; in kwa’al in tsalpádh ani in k’ayá’ abal kin k’anidha’ in juntal.
Russian
Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства.
Kazakh
Барлыќ адамдар тумысынан азат жѕне ќадір-ќасиеті мен кђќыќтары тењ болып дџниеге келеді. Адамдарѓа аќыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондыќтан олар бір-бірімен туыстыќ, бауырмалдыќ ќарым-ќатынас жасаулары тиіс.
Turkish
Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler.
Wama
Yiriba na bà sikindo dare bà mɛɛri, da seena yirimma mii bà ta da i nɛki bà tɔɔba.
Chinese
人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心,并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。
Inuktikut (Greenland)
Inuit tamarmik inunngorput nammineersinnaassuseqarlutik assigiimmillu ataqqinassuseqarlutillu pisinnaatitaaffeqarlutik. Solaqassusermik tarnillu nalunngissusianik pilersugaapput, imminnullu iliorfigeqatigiittariaqaraluarput qatanngutigiittut peqatigiinnerup anersaavani.
This article was originally published on the French edition of Babbel Magazine.